Studies have shown that the degradation of lithium-ion batteries may be linked to the leakage of hydrogen protons

Scientists at the University of Colorado at Boulder have made a significant breakthrough in understanding battery degradation. This discovery has major implications for the improvement of lithium-ion batteries, especially in electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy storage. By identifying the role of hydrogen molecules in the degradation process, research could lead to more sustainable and long-lasting batteries.

Discovering battery aging

Over time, batteries lose their capacity. This is a common problem that causes older devices to lose power faster. An international research team led by Michael Toney from the University of Colorado at Boulder has discovered the molecular mechanisms behind this degradation. Their findings, published in the journal Science and highlighted in a Science News report, could pave the way to the design of longer-lasting batteries.

The science of self-discharge

In lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions move between the anode and cathode, producing electricity. During charging, these ions return to the anode. However, the researchers found that hydrogen molecules from the electrolyte interfere with this process, reducing the number of lithium ions that can bind to the cathode. This weakens the electric current, which leads to loss of capacity over time.

Implications for electric vehicles and renewable energy

Lithium-ion batteries are key to the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy, but they still face challenges such as self-discharge and dependence on expensive materials such as cobalt. This study sheds light on why current cobalt-free alternatives, such as those using nickel or magnesium, tend to degrade more quickly. With a better understanding of the causes of self-discharge, engineers can now work on solutions to extend battery life and improve battery performance.

The future of battery technology

The transportation sector, the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S., is under pressure to adopt electric vehicles. However, the limited driving range and shorter battery life of electric vehicles remain significant obstacles. Toney believes that improving the design of low-cobalt batteries could provide both greater range and longer life, potentially lowering costs and solving ethical issues associated with cobalt mining.